JACOBITE RISINGS
The Jacobite risings (or Jacobite rebellions) were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in Great Britain and Ireland occurring between 1688 and 1746. The uprisings had the aim of returningJames VII of Scotland and II of England.
The Union of 1707 between Scotland and England was highly unpopular with the vast majority of the population in Scotland. Several articles of the Act of Union agreement were economically favourable to landowners in Scotland, but failed to deliver any economic advantages to the majority of the population for over thirty years. Although the situation induced resistance to union-economics, it didn’t translate as universal support for the Jacobite cause of keeping the Stuarts on the throne in London. Many in Scotland now associated the Stuarts with Catholicism and suppression of the Protestant Kirk. The Union was designed to put an end to Jacobite hopes of a Stuart restoration by ensuring the German Hanoverian dynasty succeeded Queen Anne. However, the Stuarts did still command a lot of loyalty in Scotland, France and England - the British Union did inevitably re-ignite the Jacobite cause.
The ’15 rising was led by John Erskine, Earl of Mar - a man who had voted for the Union originally and had been Secretary of State until 1714. He drew most of his support from north of the River Tay, in the north-east and Highlands of Scotland - areas where landowners had not benefited much from the Union and where Episcopalianism (which viewed the Stuarts as head of their church) was dominant.
The ‘15 led to the dismissal of the Duke of Argyll, the Government’s commander north of the border, after he complained that he had lost control of Scotland north of the River Forth and trusted few south of it. Argyll along with many other Scots viewed Jacobitism as a political problem which could be resolved through political means by persuading the Jacobite nobles of the benefits of a regime in London. The Government in London saw things differently, viewing Jacobitism as a military problem which required a military solution. They opted to garrison the Highlands, building barracks like Ruthven to quash further rebellion and constructing a system of roads and bridges.
The final threat to the Union came with the 1745 Jacobite Rising when Charles Edward Stuart, disappointed at French unwillingness to invade in 1744, decided to finance his own rising. Initially it was a startling success, once again drawing most of its support from the north-east and the Highland clans. The Jacobite army rapidly broke out of the Highlands, capturing Edinburgh, courtesy of Wade’s roads, and advancing as far south as Derby in England. However, with no sign of French support, the army retreated back to their stronghold in the Highlands and was finally defeated at Culloden Moor near Inverness in 1746.
In the aftermath of the ’45 uprising the government decided to end the Jacobite military threat once and for all. Determined to bring the Highlands to heel, the army showed little mercy. Jacobites were rounded up, imprisoned or executed.
GEORGE III
George III, in full George William Frederick, German Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, (born June 4 [May 24, Old Style], 1738, London—died January 29, 1820, Windsor Castle, near London), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1760–1820) and elector (1760–1814) and the king (1814–20) of Hanover, during a period when Britain won an empire in the Seven Years’ War but lost its American colonies, and then, after the struggle against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, emerged as a leading power in Europe. During the last years of his life (from 1811) he was intermittently mad—his son, the future George IV, acting as regent.
George III was born on 4 June 1738 in London, son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. He became heir to the throne when his father died in 1751, succeeding his grandfather George II in 1760. He was the first Hanoverian monarch to use English as his first language. In 1761, George married Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and they enjoyed a happy marriage, with 15 children.
George chose his mentor the Earl of Bute as his first chief minister. He was a poor choice, isolating George from senior politicians. Effective government became almost impossible, and George was increasingly vilified. The instability following Bute's resignation in 1763 did little to solve the crown's financial difficulties, made worse by the Seven Years' War. In 1770, George appointed Lord North as his first minister. Although an effective administrator, North's government was dominated by disagreements with the American colonists over British attempts to levy taxes on them. War began in 1775 and was prolonged in 1779, at the king's insistence, to prevent copycat protests elsewhere. The British defeat in 1781 prompted North to resign.
In 1783, North and the prominent Whig politician Fox formed a coalition government. Their plans to reform the East India Company gave George the chance to regain popularity. He forced the bill's defeat in Parliament, and the two resigned. In their place George appointed William Pitt the Younger. The combination of Pitt's skill and war with France in 1793 strengthened George's position, but disagreements over emancipation of the Catholics - Pitt was in favour and George vehemently opposed - led to Pitt's resignation in 1801.
The American war, its political aftermath, and family quarrels put great strain on George. After serious bouts of illness in 1788 - 1789 and 1801, though now to be caused by porphyria, he became permanently deranged in 1810. The Prince of Wales (later George IV) became regent.
George remained ill until his death at Windsor Castle on 29 January 1820. In 1801, under the Act of Union Great Britain and Ireland were united into a single nation - the United Kingdom. George was thus the first king of the new nation.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-III
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/george_iii_king.shtml
Glorious Revolution 1688
The Glorious Revolution is also called Revolution of 1688 or Bloodless Revolution. In the cause of it, King James II of England was overthrown by a union of English parliamentarians under the lead of James sun in law, the Dutch stadtholder William III Prince of Orange. William successfully invaded with a Dutch fleet and ascended the throne with James’ II daughter Mary as his wife.
cause of it, King James II of England was overthrown by a union of English parliamentarians under the lead of James sun in law, the Dutch stadtholder William III Prince of Orange. William successfully invaded with a Dutch fleet and ascended the throne with James’ II daughter Mary as his wife. 
The cause for this forced shift of power can be found in the conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism in England. James II was a catholic ruler of a largely protestant country, which manifested in his political decisions. He tried to re-establish Catholicism in Britain, which made him very unpopular. However, a part of the British population still tolerated him, because his protestant daughter Mary was meant to ascend the throne, which would put an end to the catholic rule of England. When, James II fathered a son in 1688 and now had a catholic heir to ascend his rule, a few prominent English men of the parliament invited Mary’s future husband William of Orange to invade the country and become the next protestant king. When William followed their request in November, James had to flee England and William and Mary were crowned as joint rulers in April 1689.
The Glorious Revolution ended any chance of the reestablishment of Catholicism in England.
Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g77WJU3aQEA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution
https://www.britannica.com/event/Glorious-Revolution
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